New Forms
• Gerunds
• Gerundives
Important New Constructions
• The Passive Periphrastic (a.k.a. “Gerundive
of Obligation”)
• The Active Periphrastic (another way of expressing
the future)
• gratia or causa with the genitive
• ad + gerund or gerundive to express purpose
New types of sentences and clauses
• Conditional sentences
• Clauses of Fearing
New functions of cases
• Genitive of specification/description
• Dative of Agent
• Dative of Possession
• Dative of Reference (advantage/disadvantage)
• The Double Dative
• Dative after certain adjectives
• Ablative of specification/description/quality
• Ablative of separation
• Genitive/Dative/Ablative with certain verbs
New uses of the subjunctive
• Cum concessive clauses
• Relative clauses of characteristic
• Relative clauses of purpose
• Hortatory/Jussive subjunctive
• Potential subjunctive
Indefinite pronouns and adjectives
Verbs with Forms in the Perfect System Only (odi,
memini)
Assorted topics to facilitate reading Latin literature
• Passive verbs used impersonally
• Omission of words (Gapping)
• Correlatives (tantum...quantum, non modo…sed
etiam, etc.)
• The construction is qui
• Nested Clauses
• Adjectives as Substantives
• Omission of prepositions
Unusual forms found in literature:
• The 3rd person plural perfect active indicative ending
-ere instead of -erunt
• Syncopated Verbs
Figures of speech and literary devices:
Word order
• Chiasmus (A-B-B-A word order)
• Interlocked Word Order / Synchysis (A-B-A-B word order)
Literary devices employed to produce emphasis or
dramatic effect
• Alliteration
• Anaphora
• Asyndeton
• Ellipsis
• Euphemism
• Hyperbaton
• Hyperbole
• Litotes
• Metonymy
• Onomatopoeia
• Oxymoron
• Parallel Structure
• Personification
• Praeteritio / Preterition
• Rhetorical Questions
• Synecdoche
• Transferred Epithet
• Tricolon
• Zeugma
Literary devices used to make comparisons
• Simile
• Metaphor
Other Topics:
• Greek and Roman myths, mythological figures, and mythological
references
• Latin authors and their major works
• Famous Roman men and women and their roles, deeds,
and accomplishments
• Roman government and society
• Major events, wars, battles, etc.
• The Roman army
• Latin vocabulary, idioms, roots, and affixes
• Sententiae: Latin sayings, phrases, quotations, and
abbreviations
• Geography of the Roman world (Rivers, seas, oceans,
cities, towns, Roman provinces, foreign lands, other geographical
features)
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